Biden-Harris Administration Modernizes Missile Export Policies to Counter Emerging Threats.

On January 3, President Joe Biden issued a National Security Memorandum (NSM) introducing updated guidance for the United States’ implementation of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). This pivotal policy update reinforces the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to nonproliferation while aligning missile technology export strategies with broader objectives such as enhancing allied defense capabilities, supporting the U.S. defense industrial base, streamlining defense trade, and countering adversarial threats.
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Biden-Harris Administration unveils new missile export policy to advance nonproliferation goals and empower allied defense capabilities. (Picture source: US DoD)

The MTCR, a multilateral framework established by the G7 nearly four decades ago, has grown to include 35 member nations. Originally aimed at curbing the spread of nuclear weapons through control over missile delivery systems, the regime expanded in 1992 to encompass all forms of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Widely regarded as one of the most successful global nonproliferation initiatives, the MTCR remains integral to the post-Cold War order in controlling advanced missile and related technology exports.

The memorandum directs U.S. agencies to adopt a case-by-case approach in reviewing requests for MTCR Category I military missiles, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), and Space Launch Vehicle (SLV) systems. This flexibility aims to enhance partnerships with trusted nations that maintain robust export control systems. Notably, this does not extend to the transfer of complete production facilities capable of independently manufacturing Category I systems, ensuring adherence to MTCR guidelines.

Recognizing the importance of space exploration and cooperation, the NSM clarifies that the MTCR is not intended to hinder national space programs or international collaborations. The U.S. will consider exports of SLV-related commodities, technology, and software to vetted governmental or commercial space programs on a case-by-case basis, provided these activities do not contribute to WMD delivery systems. This aligns with the U.S. Space Priorities Framework (USSPF), promoting international partnerships in space exploration while maintaining stringent safeguards against proliferation.

The updated policy reaffirms the MTCR’s role as a cornerstone of nonproliferation efforts. It emphasizes continued opposition to missile programs of concern, particularly in non-MTCR nations, and aims to curb the transfer of dual-use technologies or expertise that could be exploited for WMD-related activities. The U.S. will remain vigilant against regional proliferation challenges and networks attempting to bypass nonproliferation controls.

The guidance explicitly supports initiatives like AUKUS, the trilateral security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.

The updated MTCR implementation underscores the evolving strategic environment since the regime’s inception in 1987. Advances in missile technology and the accessibility of related exports necessitate policies that adapt to current realities without compromising global security. The U.S. aims to balance its leadership in nonproliferation with fostering innovation and international cooperation in sectors like defense and space exploration.