Focus: Evolution of Chinese Tank Armor with Type 99A.

The Chinese main battle tank ZTZ-99A, also known as Type 99A, stands as a significant example of Chinese military technology. However, obtaining precise information about this tank remains challenging, particularly concerning the armor of its turret, a crucial element for the protection of any tank on the battlefield. With the Type 99A, which combines composite armor and reactive armor, China has evolved the protection of its tanks.
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Unlike other Chinese tanks, the ZTZ-99A uses modular composite armor, a technology not common among traditional Chinese armored vehicles (Picture source: Wikimedia)

The Type 99A is the most modern version of the tank in service, designed by Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) for the People's Liberation Army. It presents significant improvements in firepower, mobility, protection, and technology. Development began in 2003, with vehicle trials starting around 2007 or shortly thereafter.

The Type 99A uses an improved 125 mm smoothbore main gun of the ZPT98 series, capable of firing a range of ammunition, including a new APFSDS with an initial velocity of 1780 m/s. The 1A45T fire control system, an improved version of those used in earlier models, includes the latest generation thermal sights, a new ballistic computer, and DVE-BS crosswind sensors. The tank has a "hunter-killer" capability thanks to the commander’s independent sight.

However, it is the turret armor of the ZTZ-99A that draws particular attention. Unlike other Chinese tanks, the ZTZ-99A uses modular composite armor, a technology not common among traditional Chinese armored vehicles. This armor is complemented by explosive reactive armor (ERA) panels, adding an additional layer of dynamic protection.

The turret of the ZTZ-99A is primarily protected by modular composite armor and ERA panels. Contrary to some reports, it is incorrect to state that the turret is only protected by 50 mm of steel reinforced with ERA panels. In reality, the combination of composite armor and ERA provides the ZTZ-99A with much superior protection.

The composite materials used in the ZTZ-99A’s turret are designed to absorb and dissipate the energy of penetrating projectiles, reducing the impact of kinetic munitions and shaped charges. ERA functions by exploding on impact, dispersing the attack’s energy and minimizing potential damage. This combination of technologies allows the ZTZ-99A to effectively defend against a variety of threats, including anti-tank rounds and guided missiles.

Compared to other Chinese tanks like the Type 96, which uses more traditional armor, the ZTZ-99A stands out with its more advanced and modular approach. This design is influenced by Western and Russian technologies but represents a significant advancement in Chinese protection philosophy.

The ZTZ-99A shares some similarities with Russian tanks, notably the use of a 125 mm smoothbore gun and the general layout of the armor. However, it differs with its modular composite armor and ERA, offering better protection against modern munitions. For example, while the Russian T-90 also uses ERA, the exact composition and effectiveness of the ZTZ-99A’s composite armor are considered superior by some experts.

The various components of the Chinese ZTZ-99A MBT turret (Picture source: Wikimedia)

In comparison with the American M1 Abrams, the ZTZ-99A presents a different design philosophy. The M1 Abrams is protected by advanced composite armor that includes depleted uranium, offering exceptional protection but at a very high production and maintenance cost. The ZTZ-99A, with its modular approach and ERA, aims to provide robust protection at a potentially lower cost, while remaining adaptable and easy to maintain.

The turret armor of the ZTZ-99A tank has several notable advantages. The combination of composite armor and explosive reactive armor (ERA) offers versatile protection against a wide range of threats, including kinetic rounds and shaped charges. Additionally, the modularity of the armor modules allows for easy replacement or upgrades, facilitating quick updates and simplified maintenance. ERA technology and composite materials also significantly increase crew survivability in the event of a direct hit. However, this advanced armor also has disadvantages. The increased weight of the armor can affect the tank's mobility and fuel consumption. Advanced materials and ERA technology lead to high production costs, potentially limiting the number of tanks that can be produced. Finally, although ERA is effective against isolated attacks, it can lose its effectiveness after repeated impacts, exposing sections of the turret.

The Type 99A is equipped with a new transmission and a 1500 hp engine, offering increased off-road capabilities compared to earlier models. Overall mobility is considered on par with Western and Russian tanks.

Chinese officials describe the Type 99A as their "first information technology tank" thanks to new onboard software that monitors all systems and reports any issues. The crew has new high-quality digital displays.

The ZTZ-99A, with its advanced turret armor, represents a significant advancement in Chinese tank design. However, precise information about its composition and effectiveness is often classified, making a complete assessment difficult. Despite this, it is clear that China has made notable progress in protecting its armored vehicles.

In summary, the ZTZ-99A illustrates China's efforts to compete with the world's leading military powers while innovating in the field of armored vehicle protection. The future evolution of this tank could redefine the standards of modern land warfare.