The TCG Anadolu hull has a long, sleek profile that is typical of amphibious assault ships. The flight deck is a prominent feature of TCG Anadolu, extending almost the entire length of the ship. It is marked with aircraft parking spots, helicopter landing spots, and various safety and guidance markings. She also has a spacious hangar that can house several aircraft and helicopters. The hangar is equipped with maintenance facilities and can be accessed through large, elevators from the flight deck. The ski-jump ramp, located at the bow of the ship, angles upwards for STOVL aircraft operations. On the starboard side of the ship, there is a large, multi-deck island structure. The island houses the ship's bridge, air traffic control center, and various sensors, communication equipment, and defensive systems. It also features prominent mast structures that support the ship's radar and communication antennas. The ship has a well deck at the rear, which can be flooded to facilitate the deployment of landing craft, amphibious vehicles, and other equipment. The well-deck can accommodate various types of landing craft, such as amphibious armored vehicles.
The vessel has a displacement of 27,079 tons in "amphibious assault ship" configuration and 24,660 tons in "V/STOL aircraft carrier" configuration. Her length is 232 meters (761 feet 2 inches), and her beam is 32 meters (105 feet 0 inches). The Anadolu has a draught of 6.9 meters (22 feet 8 inches). The Anadolu has several cargo areas, including a 1,880 square meter (20,200 square foot) light cargo garage that can accommodate TEU containers and 27 Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAV), a 1,165 square meter (12,540 square foot) dock that can host up to four Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) or two Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), or two Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP), and a 1,410 square meter (15,200 square foot) garage for heavy loads that can host 29 main battle tanks (MBT), Amphibious Assault Vehicles, and TEU containers. She has a crew of 261 personnel, consisting of 30 officers, 49 NCOs, 59 leading seamen, and 123 ratings.

The amphibious assault ship is armed with 1 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launcher, 2 Phalanx Close-In Weapon Systems (CIWS), and 5 Aselsan STOP Remote Controlled Weapon Stations (RCWS) with 25 mm guns.