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Japan Adopts Type 20 Rifle to Enhance Modularity and Reliability of its Air Force.
According to an official announcement relayed by Hyakuri Air Base on the social network X on April 26, 2025, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) has begun integrating the Type 20 5.56mm assault rifle as part of the modernization of its base security equipment. This deployment marks a new step in the broader adoption of the Type 20 across the various branches of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.
One of the defining features of the Type 20 is its extensive rail system, allowing the attachment of optics, lights, and other accessories (Picture source: X Channel @jasdf_hyakuri)
Developed by the Japanese manufacturer Howa, the Type 20 is intended to progressively replace the aging Type 89 rifle within the Ground and Air Self-Defense Forces. Officially selected in December 2019 after competition with foreign models such as the FN SCAR-L and the H&K HK416, it was designed to meet the demands of modern battlefields, emphasizing reliability, modularity, and adaptability to operations across Japan’s southwestern islands.
The Type 20 features enhanced water resistance for amphibious missions, a telescopic stock, vertical foregrip, and an ambidextrous fire selector. It uses a short-stroke piston operating system and is compatible with STANAG magazines, improving interoperability with allied forces. Unlike its predecessor, it has removed the burst-fire mode for simpler and more reliable operation.
One of its key attributes is an extensive rail system, enabling the attachment of optics, lights, and accessories. The redesigned handguard accommodates M-LOK mounts, with extended side rails and collapsible iron sights. The stock adopts ergonomic features similar to the HK416, enhancing handling. A lightweight configuration also allows the integration of additional systems such as the Beretta GLX-160 grenade launcher.
In 2021, a Flat Dark Earth (FDE) color variant was introduced, aligning with international trends. Originating from a project launched by the Japanese Ministry of Defense in 2014, the Type 20 integrated design influenced by several foreign weapons, including the SCAR, HK433, and Magpul ACR. Patents filed by Howa between 2015 and 2019 trace the gradual evolution of the design, culminating in the adoption of an M-LOK handguard and a hybrid ergonomic configuration. Media comparisons often liken the Type 20 to models such as the FN SCAR, CZ 805 BREN, and HK433, viewing it as a modern synthesis of advanced technologies.
Among its technical innovations is a tapered barrel designed to maintain gas pressure and counteract the energy loss typical of shorter barrels. This design aims to preserve projectile velocity and improve penetration. Additionally, the new 5.56mm J3 ammunition, featuring a monolithic steel warhead, enhances armor-piercing capability compared to the older Type 89.
Financially, the Type 20 benefited from a cost optimization strategy. In 2020, 3,283 units were procured for 900 million yen, averaging approximately 274,000 yen per rifle — a competitive price internationally. The first deliveries were made to amphibious units, with gradual distribution to conventional forces. The Maritime Self-Defense Force also initiated acquisitions. In 2025, a further 12,907 units were budgeted to equip base security and other units, with unit costs remaining below 420,000 yen.
In terms of issued equipment, the Type 20 comes with an AIMPOINT COMP M5 red dot sight, Steiner OTAL-C IR laser, Surefire M300C weapon light, B&T bipod and vertical foregrip, as well as M-LOK rail covers. It uses Magpul PMAG GEN M3 magazines, similar to those employed by the US Marine Corps, and is equipped with a Sig Sauer SLX556 suppressor derived from the SLX68 model used in the US NGSW program. Various optics configurations, including MARCH-F Compact scopes and Eotech sights paired with magnifiers, have also been observed during international exercises.
The integration of the Type 20 into the Japan Air Self-Defense Force represents a significant step in the ongoing modernization of Japan’s defense capabilities. Designed for robustness, modularity, and interoperability with allied systems, it addresses the requirements of modern combat while supporting a strategy of domestic production and cost control. As operational evaluations continue at Hyakuri and other locations, the Type 20 is positioned to become a key component of Japan’s military forces in the years ahead.