Croatia Ready to Deploy First Upgraded US Bradley M2A2 ODS Infantry Fighting Vehicles.

On October 10, 2024, the U.S. Department of Defense confirmed that twenty-two Bradley M2A2 Infantry Fighting Vehicles delivered to Croatia in December 2023 are being refurbished at the Djuro Djaković Special Vehicles (DDSV) facility. To date, three Bradleys have completed the refurbishment process, marking a key advancement in Croatia’s efforts to modernize its infantry capabilities.
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Craotia Upgraded US Bradley M2A2 ODS Infantry Fighting Vehicle (Picture source: US DoD)

On December 6, 2023, the US Embassy in Croatia announced that the country received its first batch of Bradley M2A2 ODS Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs) through the port city of Rijeka. This initial delivery of 22 vehicles is part of a $196 million procurement initiative dating back to January 2022, covering 76 IFVs.

The Croatian upgrade of the Bradley M2A2 vehicles includes extensive modernization aimed at aligning these vehicles with current NATO operational standards. The U.S. government-approved Foreign Military Sale (FMS) includes refurbishing 76 Bradley M2A2 Operation Desert Storm (ODS) models to ensure they meet contemporary battlefield requirements and enhance interoperability with NATO allies. This upgrade, costing approximately $757 million, involves significant enhancements such as the overhaul of engines and transmissions, new TOW missile systems, and improved communications and electronic systems for better situational awareness.

To support increased firepower, the Bradley vehicles will be equipped with M240 machine guns, TOW 2A and TOW 2B anti-tank missiles, and bunker-buster missiles. Additionally, these Bradleys will receive smoke grenade launchers and specialized armor upgrades, providing enhanced protection for crews in high-risk environments. Training support, spare parts, and maintenance tools are also included, ensuring that Croatia can sustain these vehicles effectively over time.

The program is overseen by the U.S. Army Security Assistance Command (USASAC) in collaboration with BAE Systems and Raytheon, with support from U.S. personnel who will assist with training and maintenance in Croatia. This modernization not only advances Croatia's military capabilities but also strengthens its role in collective NATO defense initiatives, enhancing its ability to conduct joint operations with allied forces​.

Bradley M2A2 Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs) require upgrades to remain effective against new threats and meet the demands of modern battlefields. Originally designed in the 1980s, the M2A2 Bradleys are aging platforms that, despite their durability, face limitations in mobility, protection, and connectivity when compared to current standards. To adapt the Bradley to these evolving realities, the U.S. Army initiated a modernization program, notably developing the M2A4 version, which enhances the vehicle's power, resilience, and connectivity.

To ensure that the Bradley vehicles are fully operational, each unit undergoes a complete overhaul, including engine, transmission, and electrical system revisions, along with a fresh coating. The refurbishment work is conducted by Djuro Djaković Special Vehicles (DDSV) in collaboration with BAE Systems, and involves multiple suppliers for additional communication and armament systems.

This project requires close coordination between companies and agencies from both countries. The U.S. Embassy in Zagreb, through the Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC), works alongside USASAC to ensure the program runs smoothly. USASAC continuously monitors developments, funding needs, and key project milestones, providing long-term support for Croatia’s operational capabilities.

To enhance this approach, USASAC provides comprehensive assistance by supplying spare parts and training. Croatian forces will also receive extensive training from the Minnesota National Guard to optimize the integration and mastery of these vehicles in NATO cooperation scenarios.
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The Bradley M2A2 ODS (Operation Desert Storm) is an upgraded version of the Bradley M2A1 Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV), which entered service with the US Army in 1988. Introduced with various improvements, the M2A2 focuses on enhancing survivability and combat effectiveness. These enhancements include increased armor protection for critical components, spall liners, provisions for improved smoke screening, additional armor for both hull and turret, and an improved drive train and suspension.

Post the First Gulf War in 1991, further upgrades were implemented, integrating technologies like a carbon dioxide laser rangefinder, a global positioning system, a combat identification system, and a thermal viewer for the driver. The armament on the M2A2 Bradley remains consistent with its predecessor, featuring a 25mm M242 Bushmaster Chain Gun, a coaxial 7.62 mm M240C machine gun, and two anti-tank missile launchers for TOW 2 missiles, with the option to carry Javelin anti-tank missiles.

The design modifications prioritize protection, incorporating additional armor plates for the hull and turret, internal spall liners, and strategic relocation of ammunition for minimized exposure to enemy fire. These changes, aimed at protecting against 30 mm APDS rounds and RPGs, result in an increased weight, now reaching 27,000 kg. The M2A2 is powered by a Cummins VTA-903 engine generating 600 hp, with corresponding upgrades to the transmission and suspension to handle the added weight. Retaining standard equipment from its predecessor, the M2A2 is qualified for transport by the C-17 Globemaster III, with added features such as wire cutters and a maintenance stand for engine work.

The latest defense relationship between Croatia and the United States highlights a deepening partnership centered on modernization and security cooperation. Croatia is actively working to strengthen its military capabilities through U.S. support, such as recent agreements for the procurement of Bradley IFVs and plans to acquire HIMARS rocket systems, reflecting its strategic alignment with NATO standards. These acquisitions are part of Croatia’s broader defense strategy to replace outdated equipment and enhance its interoperability with NATO allies. Additionally, Croatia’s support for Ukraine in response to Russian aggression underscores its role as a committed regional security partner​.

U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin commended Croatia for its contributions to regional stability and emphasized ongoing U.S. support for Croatian Armed Forces capability development. The Minnesota National Guard plays a vital role in this alliance through the State Partnership Program, aiding Croatia in the integration and operational use of U.S.-provided equipment. This collaboration reflects shared priorities in advancing regional stability and joint preparedness for emerging security challenges​.

Since joining NATO in 2009, Croatia has transformed its armed forces into a smaller, professional force capable of responding to national defense needs and participating in international peacekeeping missions. The Ministry of Defense is currently developing a new long-term development plan and defense strategy to enhance national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and counter-terrorism capabilities. In 2023, Croatia deepened its defense cooperation with the United Kingdom, established a cooperative framework with India, and signed a 2023–2028 defense cooperation agreement with the United States covering cybersecurity, disinformation countermeasures, and personnel training. As part of its NATO commitment, Croatia hosts the Multinational Special Aviation Programme training center and supports NATO and EU missions, including the Enhanced Forward Presence in Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland. To align with NATO requirements, Croatia is updating its mostly Soviet-era inventory with new equipment, such as the recent acquisition of Rafale F3-R fighters from France, and is working toward establishing a mechanized infantry brigade.

According to The Military Balance 2024, Croatia currently has approximately 100 BVP M-80 Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs) in its inventory. Initially developed in the former Yugoslavia during the Cold War, these vehicles are aging and offer limited capabilities compared to more modern IFVs. The M-80s lack advanced protection, updated firepower, and modern communication systems, which constrains their effectiveness in high-threat environments and joint NATO operations.

The planned acquisition of Bradley M2A2 IFVs will significantly enhance Croatia’s mechanized capabilities. The Bradley offers superior armor, better survivability, and a powerful 25mm chain gun, alongside anti-tank missile capabilities that the M-80s do not possess. Additionally, the Bradleys come equipped with modern electronic and communication systems, providing improved situational awareness and interoperability within NATO frameworks. This upgrade will allow Croatia to better meet NATO standards, supporting its role in alliance missions and enhancing its overall defense posture.