US Army launches fifth-generation combat vehicle with M1E3 Abrams tank modernization program.

As reported by Defense Daily on November 27, 2024, the M1E3 Abrams main battle tank will be the US Army’s first hybrid-electric combat vehicle. It incorporates a hybrid-electric drive system to reduce fuel consumption and electromagnetic signatures while improving operational efficiency. This system also aims to lower logistical demands, an issue emphasized by Under Secretary Gabe Camarillo. Insights gained from recent conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, have influenced the design, highlighting the need for integrated protection against threats such as loitering munitions and drones.
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The U.S. Army announced in 2023, that it would discontinue the M1A2 SEPv4 Abrams tank upgrade program and instead develop the M1E3 Abrams. (Picture source: U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection)

The U.S. Army announced on September 6, 2023, that it would discontinue the M1A2 SEPv4 Abrams tank upgrade program and instead develop the M1E3 Abrams. Major General Glenn Dean, Program Executive Officer for Ground Combat Systems, explained that the decision was driven by the inability to enhance the M1A2’s capabilities without adding weight, which impacts mobility and logistical demands. The Army stated that the M1E3 will integrate the best features of the M1A2 SEPv4 and adopt modular open-systems architecture standards, enabling faster and more resource-efficient upgrades. The tank is designed to be lighter, more adaptable, and easier to modernize, with initial operational capability planned for 2030. During the transition, the Army will continue producing the M1A2 SEPv3 at a reduced rate.

The M1E3 is expected to incorporate features informed by a 2019 Army Science Board study and the AbramsX demonstrator unveiled in 2022 by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS). This demonstrator showcases features such as a hybrid-electric diesel engine, reduced weight, an unmanned turret, and artificial intelligence-based systems. While the final requirements are still under review, the AbramsX provides insights into the potential direction of the M1E3 program. Preliminary concepts for the tank include key advancements such as an autoloader for the main gun, advanced munitions, integrated armor, improved command and control systems, and reduced thermal and electromagnetic signatures. The AbramsX also highlights advantages such as advanced ammunition options, improved situational awareness, and enhanced survivability measures, as outlined in the 2019 Army Science Board study.

The Army's transition to the M1E3 involves collaboration with General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), which was awarded a contract in May 2024 to help shape the M1E3’s requirements. Efforts are underway to align its timeline with the XM-30 Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle. Initial funding for the program will come from existing Abrams budget lines, with a more detailed development schedule expected by late 2024. The design will incorporate selected features of the M1A2 SEPv4 while introducing new technologies. The M1A2 SEPv4, or M1A2D, includes third-generation Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) technology, advanced fire control systems, a digital battlefield management system, and enhancements in power generation and armor protection. These features will contribute to the M1E3's capabilities. The M1E3 platform will also adhere to modular open-systems architecture standards, facilitating upgrades and reducing resource requirements.

Brigadier General Geoffrey Norman emphasized the importance of reducing the tank’s weight to enhance operational flexibility. The platform will incorporate a range of capabilities, including advanced networking systems, targeting technologies, and protective measures for the crew. Modular systems are expected to streamline future technology integration and sustainment. During the transition, the Army will continue limited production of the M1A2 SEPv3, ensuring continuity in armored brigade combat teams. The SEPv3 features upgrades such as enhanced networking capabilities and active protection systems like Trophy, which will inform the M1E3's development. Efforts to reduce the tank’s logistical and environmental footprint will remain a priority, with the new design addressing these concerns.

The shift to the M1E3 aligns with the broader US Army's modernization initiatives, advancing hybrid and electric vehicles to enhance mobility and energy efficiency. Current projects include the Bradley Hybrid Electric Vehicle (BHEV) and the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV), both of which incorporate hybrid propulsion systems to improve operational range and onboard power generation. The Tactical Hybrid Electric Vehicle (THEV) program evaluates hybrid technology in standard tactical vehicles, enabling silent operation and energy management for modern battlefield requirements. Industry contributions include Allison Transmission’s eGen Force hybrid propulsion system for the XM30 Combat Vehicle and BAE Systems’ Hybrid Electric Drive system integration into the Bradley Fighting Vehicle under a $32 million Army contract.

The Army’s Climate Strategy outlines a timeline to fully electrify non-tactical vehicles by 2035 and tactical vehicles by 2050, with hybrid solutions as an interim step. Industry developments include GM Defense’s electric Hummer prototype for military applications, Oshkosh Defense’s hybrid-electric Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) with a 30-minute battery range and 115 kW power export capability, and the SilentHawk hybrid-electric motorcycle designed for Special Operations. These projects aim to test and operationalize hybrid and electric technologies, aligning with long-term energy goals and evolving mission requirements.