Royal Canadian Navy monitor Russian submarine amid rising tensions.

According to information published by Canadian Military Family Magazine on October 5, 2024, the Royal Canadian Navy has been actively monitoring Russian naval activity. His Majesty’s Canadian Ships (HMCS) Shawinigan and Charlottetown tracked a Russian submarine and several surface vessels across different maritime zones.
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Royal Canadian Navy's Halifax-class frigate HMCS Charlottetown and Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine. (Picture source: Canadian DoD)

The HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339) is one of twelve Halifax-class frigates designed for multi-role operations, particularly excelling in anti-submarine warfare (ASW). Technically, this frigate is equipped with advanced sonar systems and weapons that are critical for tracking submarines like the Russian Improved Kilo-class (Project 636.3). The Charlottetown utilizes the SQS-510 Hull-mounted sonar and SQR-501 CANTASS (Canadian Towed Array Sonar System), both of which allow for long-range passive detection of underwater threats. The ship also deploys the AN/SQR-19 towed array sonar, enhancing its capability to detect low-frequency noise emitted by submarines.

Supporting these systems is the RUM-139 VL ASROC (Anti-Submarine Rocket) system, which delivers a lightweight torpedo via rocket to a target submarine's location, providing immediate engagement capabilities. The ship can also engage with Mk 46 torpedoes, fired from its twin Mark 32 Mod 9 torpedo launchers. A critical advantage is the CH-148 Cyclone helicopter, which operates off the frigate's deck, extending its ASW range through the deployment of sonobuoys and its own dipping sonar. This combination makes the Charlottetown a formidable opponent in underwater tracking.

On the other hand, the Improved Kilo-class submarine (Project 636.3) is among Russia’s most advanced non-nuclear submarines, known for its ultra-quiet operation, especially in shallow or coastal waters. This submarine’s stealth characteristics are enhanced by its MGK-400EM sonar suite and low-noise propellers. Equipped with six 533mm torpedo tubes, it can launch both standard torpedoes and Kalibr cruise missiles, giving it significant strike capabilities. The Kilo-class is designed for multiple mission profiles, including anti-shipping and intelligence-gathering, making it a considerable challenge for ASW forces.

Despite the submarine's advanced quieting technologies, the Charlottetown’s towed array sonar and airborne ASW systems allow for a higher chance of detection, even when the Kilo-class is operating in stealth mode. The Charlottetown's ability to coordinate with other NATO assets, including satellite and maritime patrol aircraft, further enhances its operational effectiveness in tracking these submarines across vast distances. The frigate’s command and control systems integrate seamlessly with NATO’s maritime networks, allowing for real-time data sharing and enhancing situational awareness across the task force. This capability is crucial for tracking submarines like the Improved Kilo-class that can operate undetected for extended periods.