Taiwan's first indigenous submarine Haikun to begin sea trials in 2025 plans for 8-submarine fleet.

According to information published by CNA on September 19, 2024, the prototype of Taiwan's first domestically produced submarine, the Narwhal (Haikun), is currently undergoing harbor acceptance tests (HAT), with plans to begin sea acceptance tests (SAT) by late March or early April 2025. The Haikun, launched in September 2023, is the first step in Taiwan's submarine production program.
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Launching ceremony of the Taiwanese Hai-Kun class submarine Hai Kun. (Picture source: Taiwan presidency)

The Ministry of National Defense has outlined a phased production plan, starting with two additional submarines based on the Haikun design, followed by three enhanced models. A total of eight submarines are planned for Taiwan's fleet.

The timeline for the Haikun project has been extended, with final project completion now expected by 2029. This extension is due to phased deliveries of the critical MK-48 Mod 6 AT torpedoes, affected by global supply chain challenges.

To support this initiative, Taiwan's Executive Yuan has approved a budget of NT$284 billion, covering construction costs, training facilities, crew accommodations, weapons systems, and related infrastructure. The budget includes allocations for anti-ship missiles and torpedoes, ensuring the full combat capability of the submarine fleet once operational.

In addition, Admiral Chiu Chun-jung, Chief of Staff of the Navy, revealed that Taiwan has signed mutual rescue agreements with allied nations to enhance submarine rescue capabilities. These agreements ensure reliable support for underwater operations, though specific countries involved have not been disclosed. Plans for a dedicated submarine rescue vessel are also in development, with a detailed proposal expected by 2027.

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Taiwan's pursuit of a modern submarine fleet is a critical element in its broader defense strategy to counterbalance the growing capabilities of China's People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). The island currently operates an outdated submarine force, consisting of just four submarines, two of which are World War II-era vessels. Recognizing the urgent need for modernization, Taiwan has embarked on the Indigenous Defense Submarine (IDS) program.

The main goal of Taiwan's submarine fleet expansion is to enhance its asymmetric defense capabilities. Submarines, difficult to detect and highly effective in disrupting naval operations, are viewed as essential for protecting Taiwan against blockades or potential invasion attempts. In a blockade scenario, Taiwan’s submarines would play a crucial role in keeping critical supply routes open. Moreover, their ability to operate stealthily could impose significant risks to Chinese surface vessels, including larger assets like aircraft carriers, as demonstrated by past naval conflicts where submarines had an outsized impact.

Despite these advantages, Taiwan faces challenges in its submarine program. The IDS relies heavily on foreign technology, with contributions from countries like the U.S., U.K., and others. This has complicated procurement efforts, given China’s diplomatic pressure on potential suppliers. Additionally, some critics argue that Taiwan’s focus on expensive submarines may divert resources from more cost-effective, asymmetric systems better suited for defense in the Taiwan Strait, where shallow waters could limit submarine operations.