Type 23 A-SAM missiles: Japan’s Answer to Evolving Regional Missile Threats.

According to information published by the Japanese Government on December 24, 2024, Japan’s Ministry of Defense has allocated ¥32.7 billion ($250 million) for the 23-Type Ship-to-Air Guided Missile, known as A-SAM, as part of its 2025 defense budget.
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Japanese Navy's Mogami-class frigate JS Noshiro. (Picture source: Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

This next-generation missile, derived from the Type 03 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM-3), is designed to enhance the air defense capabilities of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). With a focus on countering advanced threats such as enemy bombers and anti-ship missiles, the A-SAM represents a key component of Japan’s evolving maritime defense strategy.

The development of the 23-Type A-SAM began in 2017 and concluded in 2023. It builds on the proven Type 03 SAM-3, introducing significant modifications for naval operations. These include a redesigned radome for improved targeting, a midcourse guidance data link to enhance accuracy, and a booster system adapted from the Type 07 Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Rocket. These innovations provide the missile with long-range capabilities and the flexibility to be deployed from the vertical launch systems (VLS) installed on JMSDF’s multi-purpose destroyers.

The A-SAM is engineered to address modern and future threats, including high-speed aerial targets and advanced anti-ship missiles that pose a growing challenge to naval forces worldwide. Its ability to engage targets at extended ranges enables it to neutralize threats before they can endanger fleet operations or coastal installations. Advanced trajectory prediction and tracking technology enhance the missile’s effectiveness against fast and maneuverable targets, providing a robust response to emerging regional challenges.

Live-fire tests of the A-SAM were conducted aboard the JMSDF test ship JS Asuka in December 2022, confirming the missile’s performance and operational viability. Following these successful trials, the system is scheduled for deployment in fiscal year 2024. Japan has also outlined plans for a future variant of the A-SAM with enhanced capabilities, aiming to address next-generation threats. This advanced version will incorporate additional technologies for improved tracking and interception of high-speed targets, with its development spanning 2024 to 2030 and operational deployment expected by 2031.

The introduction of the 23-Type A-SAM reflects Japan’s strategic response to the increasingly sophisticated missile capabilities of regional adversaries. By integrating this missile into its fleet, the JMSDF will strengthen its ability to safeguard critical sea lanes and defend its forces against saturation attacks and precision-guided munitions. The modular design and component commonality with existing systems not only reduce costs but also ensure operational continuity.

This investment underscores the importance Japan places on maintaining a robust and modern maritime defense posture. As the 23-Type A-SAM enters service, it will play a pivotal role in enhancing the JMSDF’s air defense capabilities, ensuring the security of Japan’s territorial waters.