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First Confirmed Appearance of North Korean M1989 Koksan Self-Propelled Howitzer on Ukrainian Front.
The war in Ukraine, characterized by surprising alliances and diverse military equipment, has entered a new phase with the confirmed deployment of a North Korean artillery system on the battlefield. On January 7, 2025, images published on the Telegram channel Exilenova+ by a Russian soldier confirmed the presence of the 170mm M1989 "Koksan" self-propelled howitzer on the Ukrainian front for the first time. Known for its exceptional range of up to 60 kilometers with rocket-assisted projectiles, this development highlights Pyongyang's indirect involvement in the conflict.
North Korea is believed to possess several hundred M1989 units, although precise numbers remain uncertain (Picture source: Telegram Channel @exilenova_plus )
This deployment follows months of reported arms transfers. In November and December 2024, videos showed shipments of M1989 Koksans transported by train through Russia, suggesting increasing military cooperation between North Korea and Russia. This partnership is driven by strategic interests: Russia aims to replenish its artillery capabilities and enhance long-range firepower, while North Korea seeks to demonstrate its military-industrial capacity and strengthen ties with a key ally.
Introduced in 1989, the M1989 is mounted on a modified chassis of the Soviet ATS-59 artillery tractor. Designed for long-range bombardments, it can fire conventional shells up to 40 kilometers and rocket-assisted projectiles up to 60 kilometers. Despite its significant firepower, the system has limitations, including a slow firing rate of two rounds per minute and an internal ammunition capacity of 12 rounds. Lightly armored and intended for operations away from the front lines, the Koksan can be equipped with MANPADS to provide limited air defense.
North Korea is believed to possess several hundred M1989 units, although precise numbers remain uncertain. However, integrating this artillery system into Russian forces presents logistical challenges. Its unique 170mm caliber is incompatible with standard Russian artillery, requiring a dedicated supply chain from North Korea, which could hinder its operational effectiveness.
Beyond artillery, reports indicate that North Korea's support for Russia extends to the provision of ammunition, rockets, and even personnel. North Korean soldiers have reportedly been observed in the Kursk region, where they are believed to have suffered casualties in defensive roles, illustrating Pyongyang's growing engagement in the conflict.
The confirmed appearance of Koksan howitzers on the Ukrainian battlefield underscores the increasing internationalization of the war. This development reflects the complex geopolitical dynamics surrounding the conflict, as Russia seeks external partners to sustain its military efforts amid resource depletion. The alliance between Moscow and Pyongyang highlights a concerning trend of sanctioned states cooperating militarily, potentially prolonging and intensifying hostilities.
The deployment of the M1989 Koksan on the Ukrainian front signals a significant shift in the conflict’s strategic landscape. While its battlefield performance remains to be fully assessed, its presence underscores the evolving nature of modern military alliances, where tactical needs intersect with broader geopolitical objectives.