Cyprus modernizes air defense capabilities with new Israeli Barak MX surface-to-air missile system.

According to SigmaLive on December 3, 2024, the Cypriot National Guard received the first batch of Israeli Barak MX surface-to-air missile systems, with additional deliveries expected to enhance the nation's defense infrastructure. The procurement, initiated under the Anastasiades government in October 2021 and continued under the Christodoulidis administration, represents a significant investment aimed at upgrading Cyprus's air defense capabilities, which currently rely on Cold War-era systems.
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The decision to procure the Barak MX was influenced by its advanced capabilities, which include vertical launch systems, sophisticated radar integration, as well as compatibility with Cyprus' existing air defense systems. (Picture source: IAI)

Negotiations for the acquisition began in October 2021 under the Anastasiades administration, initially exploring a variant of Israel’s Iron Dome system. However, the Barak MX was ultimately selected due to its broader operational range and compatibility with existing systems, such as the Russian-made Buk M1-2 and Tor-M1. Finalized under the Christodoulidis administration, the Barak MX deployment aligns with Cyprus's broader defense modernization plans, which include replacing Soviet-era Mi-35 helicopters with six Airbus H145M attack helicopters by the end of 2024.

The Barak MX deployment reflects broader regional defense initiatives. Greece, which is upgrading its air defense systems, is considering the Barak MX as a potential replacement for aging HAWK and S-300PMU1 units. Discussions about joint procurement between Greece and Cyprus have highlighted opportunities for cost reductions and improved interoperability, although the countries currently pursue separate acquisition strategies. Greece’s plans include creating an integrated air defense network with Cyprus and Crete, a goal underscored by Greek Defense Minister Nikos Dendias during a recent parliamentary presentation.

The decision to procure the Barak MX was influenced by its advanced capabilities, which include vertical launch systems, sophisticated radar integration, and adaptability to diverse combat scenarios. Each fire unit typically accommodates eight missiles, with configurations tailored to operational and budgetary requirements. The estimated procurement cost, running into hundreds of millions of euros, underscores the system’s role in covering most of Cyprus's territory and potentially replacing older air defense assets.

The Barak MX, developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), is a surface-to-air missile system capable of addressing a range of aerial threats, including drones, fighter jets, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and helicopters. The system offers three missile variants: the Barak MR with a range of 35 kilometers, the Barak LR with a range of 70 kilometers, and the Barak ER with a range of 150 kilometers. It features vertical launch capabilities, advanced radar systems, and a centralized battle management system, enabling multi-directional and flexible threat engagement.

This system will also modernize Cyprus's existing air defense assets, which include four medium-range 9K37M1 Buk M1-2 systems (SA-11 Gadfly), 18 short-range systems consisting of 12 Aspide and six 9K331 Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet) units, as well as Mistral point-defense missiles. The National Guard also operates 60 towed anti-aircraft guns, including 36 20mm M-55 units and 24 35mm GDF003 guns paired with Skyguard fire control systems. The Barak MX adds extended-range capabilities and greater coverage to this arsenal.

Regional dynamics further contextualize this acquisition. Cyprus remains divided following Turkey’s 1974 invasion, with ongoing tensions over territorial disputes and Turkish drilling in contested waters. While Cyprus has expressed interest in NATO membership, Turkey’s objections and its military presence in Northern Cyprus present significant barriers. Greece and Cyprus continue to coordinate on defense issues, as highlighted during the recent Cyprus-Greece Intergovernmental Summit, where both nations reaffirmed their commitment to resolving the Cyprus issue within the framework of United Nations Security Council resolutions.

The deployment of Israel's Barak MX air defense system in Cyprus significantly enhances the country’s ability to address a variety of aerial threats, including aircraft, missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. This addition strengthens Cyprus's defense infrastructure and aligns with its broader strategy to modernize military capabilities. Strategically, the system contributes to a more robust air defense network in the Eastern Mediterranean, with potential interoperability with Greece’s planned systems. Geopolitically, the acquisition underscores the growing military collaboration between Cyprus and Israel, reflecting shared regional security interests while potentially shifting power dynamics in the region, which may elicit varied responses from neighboring states.